Hepatitis B,

C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids.

Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and for hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby at birth, from family member to child, and also by sexual contact. Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C are diseases caused by three different viruses. Although each can cause similar symptoms, they have different modes of transmission and can affect the liver differently. Hepatitis A appears only as an acute or newly occurring infection and does not become chronic. People with Hepatitis A usually improve without treatment. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C can also begin as acute infections, but in some people, the virus remains in the body, resulting in chronic disease and long-term liver problems. There are vaccines to prevent Hepatitis A and B; however, there is not one for Hepatitis C. If a person has had one type of viral hepatitis in the past, it is still possible to get the other types.

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We covered Hepatitis A in a previous article in these series of Hepatitis. In this article will cover B symptoms, who is at risk, and treatment.

Hepatitis B

General information

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellow skin, feeling tired, dark urine and abdominal pain.^[1] Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death.^[1][2] It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin.^[1] In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do.^[3] Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however,cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop.^[4] These complications results in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.^[1]

The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people’s blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection.^[1] Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution.^[1][3] Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility.^[5] The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding.^[3] The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. Diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus.^[1] It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.

The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982.^[1][6] Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time.^[1] About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006.^[7] It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condomsbe used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon maybe useful, however these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.^[1]

About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections.^[1][8] Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year.^[1] About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer.^[9] The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults have chronic disease. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%.^[1] It was originally known as serum hepatitis.^[10] Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine.^[11] The disease may affect other great apes as well.^[12]

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